In vitro and in vivo antioxidant potentials of the methanolic crude extract from Inula glomerata Oliv. & Hiern (Asteraceae) and Salacia kraussii (Harv) Harv (Celastraceae) / Potenciales antioxidantes in vitro e in vivo del extracto crudo metanólico de Inula glomerata Oliv. & Hiern. (Asteraceae) y Salacia kraussii (Harv) Harv (Celastraceae)

Reactive oxygen species are implicated in multiple pathological conditions including erectile dysfunction. This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential of the methanolic extracts of Inula glomerata and Salacia kraussii. The plant materials were pulverized and extracted with methanol. The phytochemical analysis, ability of the crude extracts to scavenge free radicals (ABTS, DPPH, NO.) in vitroas well as the total phenolic and flavonoid contents was investigated. In vivo, antioxidant potentials of the crude extracts (50/250 mg/kg body weight) were determined in an erectile dysfunction rat model. The phytochemical analysis revealed that both plants contain flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and alkaloids. The crude extracts at varying degree of efficiency, scavenged ABTS and DPPH radicals. The crude extracts at low concentrations (50 mg/kg b.w) significantly (p<0.05) diminished the level of malondialdehyde, augmented catalase activities and elevated glutathione levels. However, SOD activities were significantly boosted in a dose-dependent manner by the crude extracts. Therefore, I. glomerataand S. kraussiipossess antioxidant properties, hence, can serve as a therapeutic modality in the treatment of oxidative stress-induced erectile dysfunction.

Las especies reactivas de oxígeno están implicadas en múltiples condiciones patológicas, incluyendo la disfunción eréctil. Este estudio evaluó el potencial antioxidante in vitro e in vivo de extractos metanólicos de Inula glomeratay Salacia kraussii. Los materiales vegetales fueron pulverizados y extraídos con metanol. A estos extractos crudos se les llevó a cabo el análisis fitoquímico junto con el contenido total de fenólicos y flavonoides, así como se les investigó la capacidad in vitro para atrapar radicales (ABTS, DPPH, NO.). Los potenciales antioxidantes in vivo de los extractos crudos (50/250 mg/kg de peso corporal) se determinaron en un modelo en ratas con disfunción eréctil. El análisis fitoquímico reveló que ambas plantas contuvieron flavonoides, taninos, terpenoides y alcaloides. Los extractos crudos con un grado variable de eficiencia, atraparon a los radicales ABTS y DPPH. Los extractos crudos a bajas concentraciones (50 mg/kg p.c) significativamente (p<0.05) disminuyeron el nivel de malondialdehído, aumentaron las actividades de catalasa y elevaron los niveles de glutatión. Sin embargo, las actividades de SOD por los extractos crudos fueron significativamente dosis-dependientes. Así, los extractos de I. glomeratay S. kraussii mostraron propiedades antioxidantes, y por lo tanto, podrían servir como una alternativa terapéutica en el tratamiento de disfunción eréctil inducida por estrés oxidativo.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Standardized Fraction from Inula helenium L. via Suppression of NF-κB Pathway in RAW 264.7 Cells

Inula helenium L. is rich source of eudesmane-type sesquiterpene lactones, mainly alantolactone and isoalantolactone, which have the various pharmacological functions. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of nitric oxide (NO) production of hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water fractions from I. helenium and investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of hexane fraction of I. helenium (HFIH) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Quantification of alantolactone and isoalantolactone from HFIH was carried out for the standardization by multiple reaction monitoring using triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. HFIH significantly inhibited inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein as well as their downstream products NO and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, HFIH suppressed NF-κB transcriptional activity by decreasing the translocation of p65 to the nucleus. The in vivo study further confirmed that HFIH attenuated the paw edema induced by carrageenan in an acute inflammation model. These findings suggest that HFIH may be useful as a promising phytomedicine for inflammatory-associated diseases.

Determination of plasma protein binding rates of nine compounds of Inula cappa extraction based on method of equilibrium dialysis / 中国中药杂志

To determine the plasma protein binding rate of the nine compounds in Inula cappa extraction by the method of equilibrium dialysis. The proteins in plasma samples were precipitated by methanol, and the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for determination of the concentrations of the nine active compounds, namely chlorogenic acid, scopolin, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 1,3-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, galuteolin, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, with the internal standard of puerarin. We found that all components have a good linearity(r≥0.999), and accuracy, precision, extraction recovery and stability conformed to the requirements of determination, without endogenous compounds disturbing within the range of optimum concentration. This suggested that the method was stable and reliable, and could be used for the determination of the plasma protein binding rates of the nine active compounds in rat and human plasma of I. cappa. The plasma protein binding rates of the nine active compounds in rat and human plasma respectively were(41.07±0.046)%-(94.95±0.008)%, and(37.66±0.043)%-(97.46±0.013)%. According to the results, there were differences in the plasma protein binding rates of the nine compounds in I. cappa extraction between rat and human.

Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium formula fertilizer on growth and chemical composition content of Inula japonica / 中国中药杂志

Inula japonica was used as the research object, "3414" fertilization experiment were conducted to study the effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium formula fertilizer on the growth and chemical composition content of I. japonica. The characteristics of fertilizer requirement were preliminarily revealed and the study provided fertilization guidance for artificial cultivation of I. japonica. The results showed that different nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium formula fertilizers had significant effects on plant morphology,physiological and biochemical indexes,dry matter accumulation and chemical composition content. The growth indexes and chemical components of I. japonica showed an upward trend with the increase of fertilization amount,especially the nitrogen fertilizer was the most significant. The indicators were analyzed by membership function. After comprehensive evaluation,the optimal nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium formula fertilization level was N3 P2 K2,namely high level nitrogen fertilizer,medium level phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer. I. japonica is a high fertilizer demand plant,and the rational fertilization scheme is " applying nitrogen fertilizer again and applying phosphorus and potassium fertilizer properly".

Absorption of Inula cappa extract based on everted intestinal sac method / 中国中药杂志

To investigate the absorptive characteristics of Inula cappa extract based on the rat everted intestinal sac method . Nine representative ingredients in I. cappa extract were selected as the study objects. An UPLC-MS/MS method was established to determine and detect their cumulative absorption amount for expounding the absorptive characteristics of ingredients in different intestinal sections. According to the results， the transport mechanism of 8 compounds showed passive diffusion by the reverted gut sac method. And scopolin was actively transported in the intestine. The best absorption site of chlorogenic acid was duodenum. The best absorption site of cryptochlorogenic acid， 1，3--dicaffeoylquinic acid， luteolin-7-glucoside and 3，4--dicaffeoylquinic acid were jejunum. The best absorption site of neochlorogenic acid， scopolin， 4，5--dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3，5--dicaffeoylquinic acid was ileum. The absorption of all the compounds was affected by pH and bile. All of the nine ingredients in I. cappa extract could be absorbed in intestines， but with differences in the absorption rate， the best absorptive site and mechanism， indicating that the intestinal absorption of I. cappa extract was selective.

Researching on fingerprint of Inulacappa by HPLC / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study is to establish the fingerprint and find out the common chromatographic peaks of Inula cappa by HPLC.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The HPLC analysis was performed on an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 1.8 μm) with 0.1% fomic acid aqueous solution-0.1% fomic acid acetonitrile solution as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 · mL(-1) · min(-1); The detective wavelength is 325 nm; The column temperature is 45 °C.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The results indicated that 5 of 17 common peaks were identified . The similarity about 10 groups of Inulacappais is over 0.95.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This method is able to be a scientific basis of quality assessment according to its convenient and reliable.</p>

Study on chemical constituents of Inula cappa / 中国中药杂志

Column chromatographies over silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, reverse phase C18, and MCI, and semi-preparative HPLC were used for separation and purification of constituents from Inula cappa. The 22 compounds were obtained and their strutures were determined by NMR and MS spectra data as nine flavonoids: luteolin (1), apigenin (2), chrysoeriol (3), artemetin (4), 2', 5-di- hydroxy-3, 6, 7, 4', 5'-pentamethoxyflavone (5), chrysosplenol C (6), apigenin-5-0-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), luteolin-3-methyl, luteolin-3-methylether-4'-0-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), luteolin-4'-0-β-D-glucopyranoside (9); four triterpenes: darma-20, 24-dien- 3β-0-acetate (10), darma-20, 24-dien-3β-ol (11), epirfiedelanol (12), friedelin (13); three coumarins: scopoletin (14) , isosco- poletin (15) , scopolin(16) , and other types of compounds stigmasta-5, 22-dien-3β-0-7-one (17), stigmasterol (18), palmitic acid (19), linoleic acid (20), linoleic acid methyl ester (21), (E) -9, 12, 13-trihydroxyoetadee-10-enoie acid (22). Compound 5 is a new natural product. Compounds 3-9, 15, 17, 21, and 22 were isolated from this genus for the first time.

Analysis on morphological characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics and chemical constituents of Inula lineariifolia from different populations / 中国中药杂志

Twelve populations of Inula lineariifolia were used as materials to measure morphological characteristics, photosynthetic parameters and chemical constituents. It aims to provide a theoretical basis for germplasm resources evaluation. The results showed that I. lineariifolia had relatively rich morphological diversity, there were significant differences of morphological characteristics, photosynthetic parameters and chemical constituents among populations. There was positive correlation on morphological characteristics and P(n). Twelve populations were divided into three-type. The three populations of Xuyi, Mingguang and Fengyang were of narrower-longer leaf, bigger biomass,better photosynthetic and higher chemical constituents. Then they were classified for a similar group. It proved that the three populations were more suitable for cultivation and promotion.

Anti-inflammatory constituents from Inula japonica / 中国中药杂志

Chemical constituents of Inula japonica were isolated and purified by repeated column chromatographies, over silica gel, and Toyopearl HW-40, and preparative HPLC. On the basis of spectral data analysis, including NMR and MS data, the structures of the isolates were elucidated and their anti-inflammatory activities were assayed. Fifteen compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of I. japonica, and their structures were elucidated as dihydrosyringenin (1), (3S, 5R, 6S, 7E)-5,6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-7-megastigmen-9-one (2), (6R, 7E) -9-hydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3-one (3), arnidiol (4), taraxasterol acetate (5), 8,9,10-trihydroxythymol (6), taxifolin (7), luteolin (8), napetin (9), eupatin (10), spinacetin (11), quercetin (12), p-hydroxycinnamic acid (13), caffeic acid (14), and caffeoyl acetate (15). Compounds 1, 2, 7, 13 and 15 were isolated from the genus Inula for the first time, and compounds 3, 4, 9-11 and 14 were isolated from this plant for the first time. The anti-inflammatory activity result showed that compounds 3, 6-12 and 14 exhibited inhibition effect against leukotriene C4 (LTC4) synthesis and degranulation definitely in c-Kit Ligand (KL) induced mast cells, and compound 8 and 12 also had the suppression effect against lipopolysacharide(LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) activity in RAW264.7 macrophages. It is firstly reported that compounds 7 and 9-11 possessed potent inhibition activities against LTC4 generation and degranulation in mast cells.

Britanin Suppresses IgE/Ag-Induced Mast Cell Activation by Inhibiting the Syk Pathway

The aim of this study was to determine whether britanin, isolated from the flowers of Inula japonica (Inulae Flos), modulates the generation of allergic inflammatory mediators in activated mast cells. To understand the biological activity of britanin, the authors investigated its effects on the generation of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), leukotriene C4 (LTC4), and degranulation in IgE/Ag-induced bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Britanin dose dependently inhibited degranulation and the generations of PGD2 and LTC4 in BMMCs. Biochemical analyses of IgE/Ag-mediated signaling pathways demonstrated that britanin suppressed the phosphorylation of Syk kinase and multiple downstream signaling processes, including phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1)-mediated calcium influx, the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs; extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38), and the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest britanin suppresses degranulation and eicosanoid generation by inhibiting the Syk-dependent pathway and britanin might be useful for the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases.

Sesquiterpene lactones from Inula helianthus-aquatica / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the sesquiterpene lactones of the aerial parts of Inula helianthus-aquatica.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative HPLC. On the basis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data, their structures were identified.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Seven sesquiterpene lactones and four other compounds were obtained and identified as 2-desoxy-4-epi-pulchellin (1), 6-acetoxy-4-hydroxy-1, 10H-pseudoguaia-11 (13)-en-12,8-olide (2), 4-acetoxy-6-hydroxy-1, 10H-pseudoguaia-11(13)-en-12,8-olide (3), 8-epi-inuviscolide (4), 2,3,11,13-tetrahydroaromaticin (5), 11,13-dihydro-ergolide (6), 4-epipulchellin-2-O-acetate (7), 7-epiloliolide (8), loliolide (9), beta-sitosterol (10) and daucosterol (11).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All the compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.</p>

Effect of Inula racemosa root extract on cardiac function and oxidative stress against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction.

The cardioprotective potential of Inula racemosa root hydroalcoholic extract against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction was investigated in rats. The rats treated with isoproterenol (85 mg/kg, s.c.) exhibited myocardial infarction, as evidenced by significant (P<0.05) decrease in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, contractility, relaxation along with increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure, as well as decreased endogenous myocardial enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Isoproterenol also significantly (P<0.05) induced lipid peroxidation and increased leakage of myocyte injury marker enzymes. Pretreatment with I. racemosa extract (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg per day, p.o.) for 21 consecutive days, followed by isoproterenol injections on days 19th and 20th significantly (P<0.05) improved cardiac function by increasing the heart rate, mean arterial pressure, contractility and relaxation along with decreasing left ventricular end diastolic pressure. Pretreatment with I. racemosa also significantly (P<0.05) restored the reduced form of glutathione and endogenous antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase from the heart, which were depleted after isoproterenol administration. In addition to restoration of antioxidants, I. racemosa significantly (P<0.05) inhibited lipid peroxidation and prevented the leakage of myocytes specific marker enzymes creatine phosphokinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase from the heart. Thus, it is concluded that I. racemosa protects heart from isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury by reducing oxidative stress and modulating hemodynamic and ventricular functions of the heart. Present study findings demonstrate the cardioprotective effect of I. racemosa and support the pharmacological relevance of its use and cardioprotection mechanism in ischemic heart disease as well as substantiate its traditional claim

Simultaneous determination of three sesquiterpene lactones in Inula hupehensis by RP-HPLC / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>A RP-HPLC method was developed for simultaneous determination of bigelovin, ergolide and tomentosin in Inula hupehensis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>An Agilent C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was used for separation at 40 degrees C. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water, and the flow rate was 1.2 mL x min(-1). The detection wavelength was set at 210 nm.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The method has good linearity in the ranges of 0.01792-0.1792 g x L(-1) (r =0.9999) for bigelovin, 0.0424-0.4240 g x L(-1) (r =0.9996) for ergolide, and 0.044 8-0.4480 g x L(-1) (r = 0.9996) for tomentosin. The average recoveries of bigelovin, ergolide, and tomentosin were 98.5%, 98.2%, 98.4%, with the RSD of 1. 3%, 1.3%, 1.7%, respectively. The results demonstrated that there was a significant difference in the contents of three sequterpene lactones among the tested Inulae Flos.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results indicated that the present RP-HPLC method is simple, quick and accurate, and can be used for the quality control of I. hupehensis, especially for the authentication of Inulae Flos.</p>

Flowers of Inula japonica Attenuate Inflammatory Responses

BACKGROUND: The flowers of Inula japonica (Inulae Flos) have long been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of Inulae Flos Extract (IFE). METHODS: The anti-inflammatory effects of IFE against nitric oxide (NO), PGE2, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 release, as well as NF-kappa B and MAP kinase activation were evaluated in RAW 264.7 cells. RESULTS: IFE inhibited the production of NO and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, IFE reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-6. Furthermore, IFE inhibited the NF-kappa B activation induced by LPS, which was associated with the abrogation of I kappa B-alpha degradation and subsequent decreases in nuclear p65 and p50 levels. Moreover, the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAP kinases in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was suppressed by IFE in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the anti-inflammation activities of IFE might be attributed to the inhibition of NO, iNOS and cytokine expression through the down-regulation of NF-kappa B activation via suppression of I kappa B alpha and MAP kinase phosphorylation in macrophages.

Effects of inulae and ochrae decoction on the change of rabbits EGG and 5-HT resulted from chemotherapeutic drugs / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To explore the antagonism mechanism of inulae and ochrae decoction on toxicity damage of gastrointestinal tissue induced by DDP (cisplatin).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-four healthy hybrid rabbits were divided into three groups in random: the control group, DDP group, inulae and ochrae decoction + DDP group. The change of rabbits EGG, the concentration of 5-HT,5-HIAA of serum and the content of sinus ventriculi mucosa and the upper part of duodenum tissue were examined. Ultrastructure changes were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The EGG amplitude of DDP group was increased and the frequency was fast (P < 0.05) after i.v. DDP, meanwhile the concentration of 5-HT, 5-HIAA was increased (P < 0.05), and the content of sinus ventriculi mucosa and the upper part of duodenum tissue were higher than that of Inulae and Ochrae Decoction + DDP group (P < 0.05), and the change was seriously under the TEM observing; while inulae and ochrae decoction could prevent the change of EGG caused by DDP, showing the amplitude decreased, and the frequency was slow, and the concentration of 5-HT, 5-HIAA of serum and the content of tissue became lower than that of DDP group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Inulae and ochrae decoction could antagonize the change of EGG caused by DDP, which maybe have relations with the over-releasing of gastrointestinal 5-HT.</p>

Flavonoids extracts from Inula britannica inhibit oxidative stress in vessel after balloon injury / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the inhibition of flavonoids extract (FE) from Inula britannica on oxidative stress in rat aorta after balloon injury.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The model of vascular intimal hyperplasia was established by balloon injury. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, model, FE and captopril (CAP, positive control). The FE group was treated by intragastric administration with FE in dose of 12.5, 25, 50 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1). The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum were detected by thiobarbituric acid (TAB) method and xanthine oxidase method respectively, and superoxide anion (O2-) in vessel was detected by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining. The histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to observe the changes of appearance and SOD expression in vascular tissues after balloon injury.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The best concentration of FE to rats was 50 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1). The neointima thickness in the model group was significantly higher than that in the FE group (50 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) and control group at 14 days after balloon injury (P < 0.01). The lever of MDA in serum of FE group was decreased (P < 0.01) and SOD was increased (P < 0.05) in both serum and vascular tissues. The level of O2*- in the drug group was lower than that in the model group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>FE can enhance the antioxidation capacities of vessel tissues by suppressing the formation of O2- induced by injury, by which FE inhibites neointima formation after balloon injury in rat.</p>

Phytochemical and some pharmacological properties of certain plants belonging to Asteraceae family

The aerial parts of three plants belonging to Family Asteraceae: Inula crithmoides, Iphiona scarab and Jasonia montana were investigated. Phytochemicals isolated from Inula crithmoides were identified as: isopimpinellin [I], scoparone [II], psoralene [III], kaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside [IV], kaempferol -3, 7- di-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside [V], kaempferol-3-O-beta- D-glucopyranoside-7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside [VI] and isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside-7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside [VII]. From Iphiona scarba umbelliferone [VIII], xanthotoxol [IX], marmesin [X], alpha-amyrin [XI], stigmasterol [XII] and beta-sitosterol [XIII] were isolated. Moreover, Jasonia montana was found to contain 7-hydroxy-3, 5, 6, 3',. 4'-pentamethoxy flavone [XIV], 5, 7-dihydroxy- 3, 6, 3', 4' -tetramethoxy flavone [XV] and 5, 7-dihydroxy-3, 3', 4' -trimethoxy flavone [XVI], in addition to ferulic acid, caffeic acid, chrorogenic acid, alpha-amyrin, stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol. Inula crithmoides aqueous methanolic extract showed significant inhibitory effect on mouse lymphoma [Cell line L1210] in vitro study in concentration dependant manner starting from 12.5 up to 250 microg/ml [20 - 100% inhibition], respectively. In vivo study, the results indicated that Inula crithmoides methanolic extract had significant antioxidant effect against mycotoxin [Ochratoxin A]-induced oxidative stress in rat. Iphiona scabra and Jasonia montana ethanolic extracts showed potent acute anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and hypotenssive activities comparing to the standard drugs [indomethacine]

Effects of series of Muskone on heart hemodynamics and myocardial consumption of oxygen in experimental dogs / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects of series of Muskone (the muskone includes Slender Dutchmanspipe Root, Inula Root and neither kind of Common Aucklandia Root) on the heart hemodynamics and myocardial consumption of oxygen in experimental dogs, and to explain its pharmacological action on cardiovascular system.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Arterial blood pressure, coronary blood flow, resistance in coronary artery, total peripheral resistance, work of left artrium and oxygen consumption index of the cardiac muscles were observed in anaesthetic dogs.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The series of Muskone decreased arterial blood pressure significantly, dilated coronary artery and peripheral arteries significantly, increased coronary blood flow, decreased resistance in coronary artery, improved the work of left artrium, the oxygen availability of cardiac muscles and the complaisance of arteries in cardiac muscles.</p>

Nephrotoxicity of Radix Aristolochice and it's substitution material Radix Inulae in rats / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the toxicity of Radix Aristolochiae and Radix Inulae, and to supply the toxicity experimental data that Radix Inulae supersedes Radix Aristolochiae in clinic.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>A long dose of Radix Aristolochice and Radix Inulae was given intragastrically to rats for six months, then drug withdrawal for a month. The hematology and biochemical indicators were measured, and the pathologic changes of kidney, liver, stomach and urinary bladder were examined.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The rats of Radix Aristolochice showed serious toxic responses of renal tubule atrophy and necrosis, meanwhile, the levels of BUN, Cr and NAG were increased obviously. Hepatonecrosis, renal tubular necrosis, gastric carcinoma and bladder carcinoma were discovered with pathologic assaying. But the rats of Radix Inulae did not.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Radix Aristolochiae could damage kidney and liver, and cause gastric carcinoma and bladder carcinoma by intensive toxicity. Radix Inulae could take the place of Radix Aristolochiae to use in clinic.</p>

Study on comparative pharmacology of series of Muskone / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the therapeutic effects of the series of Muskone (the Muskone includes Slender Dutchmanspipe Root, Tumuxiang, and not Slender Dutchmanspipe Root) on experimental myocardial infarct and pain in rats.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Coronary artery ligation was applied for the model of myocardial infarct. Therapeutic effects were evaluated by measuring parameters of histomorphometry, blood plasm of ET, 6- keto-PGF1alpha and TXB2. Intraperitoneal injection acetic was applied for the model of ache, the frequency and eclipse period of writhing were evaluated its effect of resisting pain.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The Muskone including Radix Aristolociae, the Muskone including Radix Inulae and the Muskone without Radix Aucklandiae all can decrease the area of myocardial infarction in rats, the level of TXB2, ET, and the frequency of writhing significantly. Also it can increase the level 6-keto-PGF1alpha, the ratio of 6-keto-PGF1alpha and TXB2. Single Radix Aristolociae or Radix Inulae only relieved pain.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The Muskone including Radix Aristolociae, the Muskone including Radix Inulae and the Muskone without Radix Aucklandiae all have significant therapeutic effect on both myocardial infarction and pain, while single Radix Aristolociae or Radix Inulae only can relieve pain.</p>